Retrospective Study of Intertarsal Joint Inflammation in Avian Species From a Zoological Institution.

A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed to measure the prevalence of avian intertarsal inflammation over a 5-year period, identify risk factors, and discuss treatment options. The authors hypothesized that: 1) long-legged birds would be more affected, 2) participation in a bird show would be a significant risk factor, and 3) young animals would be more frequently affected. Thirty-five clinical cases from 9 avian orders were included in the study. Statistical analysis indicated that the orders Ciconiiformes (9/150; 6%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.2-11), Gruiformes (4/132; 3%, 95% CI: 1.2-7.5), and Pelecaniformes (7/152; 2.8%, 95% CI: 1.4-5.6) were significantly more affected than other orders (P < 0.01). Similarly, long-legged birds (21/35) had 9.8 times greater chance (P < 0.001, 95% CI: 4.7-21) of developing the condition compared with other birds. Participation in a free-flight show (22/35) was a significant risk factor (P < 0.001; odds ratio: 7.0, 95% CI: 3.3-15). Mean age at onset of clinical signs was 5.7 years, and being < 2 years-of-age during the study period was not a significant predictor of disease (P = 0.054). The tibial cartilage, a fragile fibrocartilaginous structure, was frequently affected (34%, 12/35). Treatment protocols included anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesic drugs, or both (94%, 33/35), low-level laser therapy (54%, 19/35), joint immobilization (34%, 12/35), intra-articular corticoid injections (20%, 7/35), surgical stabilization (17%, 6/35), physiotherapy (9%, 3/35), intra-articular hyaluronic acid (6%, 2/35) or platelet-rich plasma (3%, 1/35) injections, and chiropractic care (3%, 1/35). Overall recovery rate was 49% (17/35), and the condition was associated with a poor prognosis in chronic cases.

Malignant Melanoma in a Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus): Characterization of Clinical and Histologic Lesions.

A 17-year-old, male long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus) presented for acute lethargy and black gelatinous tissue in both nostrils. Despite intensive care, the bird died within 2 days. A postmortem computed tomographic scan of the head revealed a complete obstruction of the rostral infraorbital sinus, later confirmed by necropsy. Postmortem examination also highlighted multifocal, black, infiltrating nodules of various sizes (2 mm to 2 cm in diameter) in almost all internal organs: lungs, heart (pericardium, myocardium, endocardium), kidneys, pancreas, adrenals, muscles, and bones (periosteum and medulla). Histologically, the nodules were composed of anaplastic cells containing abundant melanin pigment, consistent with a disseminated melanoma. Malignant melanomas are aggressive neoplasms frequently reported in mammals but rarely found in avian species. In Accipitridae and Falconidae, only 2 cases have been reported.